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A namtar (), sometimes spelled namthar is a spiritual biography or hagiography in Tibetan Buddhism. ''Namtar'' is a contraction of ''nampar tharpa'' (), which literally means 'complete liberation'.〔 This name refers to the fact that the texts tell stories of yogis or Indo-Tibetan Mahasiddha who attained complete enlightenment. Namtars do not focus on a literal chronology of events, but rather function as a kind of learning example that hits the key points of the yogi's sprititual life. Such a text would serve as an example of buddhahood for any practitioner of Vajrayana and complement the ''tantras'' in imparting instructions on specific tantric practices. According to Janice D. Willis, the focus on practice forms an essential difference between Christian and Tibetan hagiography.〔〔 In her book ''Women of Wisdom'', Tsultrim Allione voices it thus: The sacred biography is called 'rNam.thar' in Tibetan, which literally means 'complete liberation.' The 'rNam.thar' are specially geared to provide records for those on a spiritual quest, in much the same way that someone about to climb a high mountain would seek out the chronicles of those who had made the climb before. The sacred biographer is primarily concerned with providing information which will be helpful and inspirational for someone following in the footsteps of the spiritual adept or 'saint.' Establishing a mythical ideal and the communication of the sacred teachings takes precedence over providing a narrative portrait or "likeness" of the subject as a personality. The personality is stressed only in so far as it relates to the spiritual process of the individual.〔 Western academic tradition often portrays this type of text in an unfavourable light. It mainly criticizes the Tibetan hagiography for its inclusion of miraculous events and repetition of the protagonist's sanctity. Some scholars have therefore proposed that the ''Namtar'' has no historical value whatsoever.〔 ==Traditional division== All Tibetan ''Namtar'' consist of three parts:〔 *The outer biography (), containing descriptions of birth, education and consulted texts. *The inner biography (), containing details on meditative cycles and initiations. *The secret biography (), said to describe the meditative state of the ''siddha''. Mainly the third of these levels has caused western scholars to criticize this form of literature.〔〔 Willis however defends their historical value by arguing that the miraculous parts of the secret biography may be interpreted as a metaphor for tantric practice.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Namtar (biography)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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